PCOD: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment By SUDBTECH

Millions of women of reproductive age suffer from the common hormonal condition known as polycystic ovarian disease, or PCOD. Immature or partially mature eggs produced by the ovaries in this condition have the potential to develop into cysts. Hormonal imbalances and enlarged ovaries are the results of these cysts. Weight gain, acne, excessive hair growth, irregular or missed periods, and problems with fertility can all result from the ensuing imbalance.
 
Early diagnosis and successful treatment of PCOD depend on an understanding of its anatomical, physiological, and clinical features.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovary

Understanding the Ovary: The Silent Architect of Womanhood

 
One of the most important yet often overlooked organs in a woman's body is the ovaries. Despite their small size, they play a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance, overall well-being, and reproductive health.
 

What Do Ovaries Look Like?

 
Imagine something the size and shape of an almond — that's roughly what an ovary looks like. Each ovary is:
 

• About 3.5 cm long,
• 2.5 cm wide, and
• 1.5 cm thick.

In simpler terms, they’re small, oval-shaped structures — solid in form but dynamic in function. Every woman has two ovaries, located deep inside the lower abdomen — one on each side of the uterus, tucked just beneath and slightly behind the fallopian (uterine) tubes.
 

Why Are Ovaries So Important?

 
Though tiny, ovaries are powerhouses of activity. They serve four primary roles, each essential to a woman’s physical and reproductive health:
 
 

1. They Make the Eggs – The Oocytes

 
Ovulation is the monthly release of a mature egg from one of the ovaries. If a sperm fertilises this egg, pregnancy may ensue. Only 400–500 of the millions of immature eggs that a woman is born with mature and ovulate during her reproductive years.
 
 

2. They Produce Hormones – The Body’s Chemical Messengers

 
The ovaries are also hormone factories. They secrete estrogen and progesterone, the two major female sex hormones that regulate:
 

• The menstrual cycle
• Breast development
• Mood and energy levels
• Skin and bone health
• Pregnancy preparation

These hormones do more than influence reproduction — they shape much of a woman's life, from puberty to menopause.
 
 

3. They Keep the Menstrual Cycle Going

 
The menstrual cycle would stop if the ovaries weren't functioning properly. Each month, the uterus gets ready for a potential pregnancy thanks to their delicate hormone release rhythm. If fertilization doesn’t occur, hormone levels drop, and the menstrual lining sheds — resulting in a period.
 
 

4. They Support Fertility

The ovaries are where fertility starts. These tiny but mighty organs control when eggs are released in addition to releasing them. The health of the ovaries determines regular ovulation, which is necessary for a natural conception. 

Your ovaries have a significant influence despite their diminutive size. In the background, they facilitate reproduction, maintain general health, and control hormones. They are the unseen designers of femininity. We barely notice them when they're working properly. However, when something goes wrong, like with PCOD, the body as a whole is affected. 

Knowing how your ovaries function is essential to taking good care of your reproductive health.

Causes of PCOD

 
PCOD is a multifactorial condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Below are the major causes:
 

1. Family History

 
A woman has up to a 50% chance of developing PCOD if a close female relative also has it. While the exact genetic mutation is unknown, PCOD is believed to be the result of several inherited factors.
 

2. Insulin Resistance and Lifestyle

 
Insulin resistance affects about 70% of women with PCOD. The pancreas produces more insulin in this condition because the body's cells do not react to insulin as they should. Ovulation is hampered by excess insulin because it raises androgen levels. Being overweight and leading a sedentary lifestyle can make this problem worse.
 

3. Factors Contributing to Insulin Resistance

• Genetic predisposition
• Obesity due to poor dietary habits or physical inactivity
• A combination of both genetic and lifestyle influences

4. Inflammation

 
Increased inflammation is commonly seen in women with PCOD, especially those who are overweight. This inflammation stimulates the ovaries to produce more androgens (male hormones), which contributes to many PCOD symptoms.
 

5. Weight

 
Being overweight or obese can amplify the effects of insulin resistance and make the symptoms of PCOD more prominent. In some cases, symptoms only become apparent after weight gain.

Clinical Features of PCOD

How PCOD Affects the Body

The symptoms of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) vary from woman to woman. While some people may only experience a few minor symptoms, others may deal with a variety of issues that impact their bodies and minds. A summary of how PCOD can manifest in day-to-day life is provided below:

A. Menstrual Problems

 
Your monthly cycle may become unpredictable.
 
One of the most common signs of PCOD is changes in the menstrual cycle. This can mean:
 

• Irregular periods: Periods may come late, early, or not at all.
• Skipped periods: Some women may not have periods for several months.
• Heavy bleeding: When periods do come, they might be heavier than usual.
• Infrequent periods (Oligomenorrhea): Periods may occur only once every few months.
• No periods at all (Amenorrhea): In some cases, periods may completely stop.

These changes are caused by hormonal imbalances that affect ovulation (the release of eggs).
 
 

B. Infertility

 
Difficulty getting pregnant is a common concern.
 
Because PCOD often prevents regular ovulation, the chances of conceiving naturally can go down. This doesn't mean pregnancy is impossible — just that it might take longer, or require medical support.
 
 

C. Hormonal Imbalances

 
PCOD can affect how your body looks and feels.
 
Hormones are chemical messengers that affect many parts of the body. When they are out of balance, they can cause noticeable physical changes, such as:
 

• Acne: Often on the face, chest, or back
• Hair thinning (Androgenic alopecia): Especially around the crown of the head
• Excess hair growth (Hirsutism): On the chin, upper lip, chest, thighs, or abdomen
• Skin darkening: Especially around the neck, underarms, or groin — this is due to increased insulin levels
• Sudden weight gain: Even without major changes in eating habits
• Obesity: PCOD can make it harder to maintain a healthy weight

These symptoms are often linked to high levels of androgens (male hormones) and insulin resistance.
 
 

D. Other Symptoms

 
PCOD can also affect your emotional and physical well-being.
 
Beyond the visible and hormonal symptoms, many women experience:
 

• Fatigue: Constant tiredness, even after resting
• Mood swings or depression: Feeling sad, anxious, or irritable without a clear reason
• High stress levels: Hormonal imbalances can make it harder to cope with day-to-day stress
• Trouble sleeping: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
• Headaches: Especially during hormonal fluctuations
• Hair loss: From the scalp, often noticed while brushing or washing hair

Diagnostic Evaluation

How PCOD is Diagnosed

 
Diagnosing PCOD isn’t based on a single test. Doctors use a combination of questions, physical checks, and medical tests to understand what’s happening inside the body. Here’s how the process usually works:
 
 

1. Medical History

 
The conversation begins with you.
 
Your doctor will start by asking questions about your health and symptoms, such as:
 

• How regular your periods are
• Whether you’ve noticed sudden weight gain
• If you’re experiencing acne, hair loss, or unusual hair growth
• Any mood changes, fatigue, or sleep disturbances

This helps the doctor understand if there’s a pattern suggesting PCOD.
 
 

2. Physical Examination

 
Checking visible signs and basic health stats.
 
Next, the doctor will do a physical exam to check:
 

• Your weight and height, to calculate BMI (Body Mass Index)
• Your blood pressure, as hormonal imbalance can affect it
• Signs of hormonal imbalance, like acne, extra facial or body hair, or hair thinning

This helps confirm any physical signs that match PCOD symptoms.
 
 

3. Pelvic Examination

 
Feeling for any abnormalities.
 
In some cases, the doctor may perform a pelvic exam (especially if you’re an adult) to:
 

• Check the size and shape of the ovaries
• Feel for any unusual swelling or lumps around the uterus and ovaries

This is done carefully and respectfully, with your comfort in mind.
 
 

4. Blood Tests

 
Understanding your hormones and overall health.
 
A series of blood tests may be recommended, including:
 

• Hormone levels: To check both female (like estrogen and progesterone) and male hormones (like testosterone)
• Thyroid function: To rule out thyroid issues that mimic PCOD
• Blood sugar levels: As PCOD often causes insulin resistance, which can lead to high blood sugar
• Cholesterol and triglycerides: To assess heart and metabolic health

These tests give a clear picture of what’s happening inside your body.
 
 

5. Ultrasonography (USG)

 
Taking a look inside.

A pelvic ultrasound scan is often the final step. It’s a painless imaging test that:
 

• Shows the shape and size of your ovaries
• Checks for multiple small cysts, which look like tiny black dots around the ovaries
• Helps confirm the typical "string of pearls" appearance — a key sign of PCOD

Ultrasound helps in visual confirmation and supports the diagnosis made from your symptoms and test results.
 
 Note

 
PCOD is usually diagnosed when at least two out of three key criteria are present:
 

1. Irregular or absent periods
2. High levels of male hormones (through symptoms or blood tests)
3. Multiple cysts on the ovaries (seen on ultrasound)

Early and accurate diagnosis is the first step toward managing PCOD and improving quality of life.

Treatment of PCOD

Taking Charge of Your Health

 
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) doesn’t have a one-size-fits-all cure, but it can absolutely be managed. The right combination of lifestyle changes and medical support can help regulate your hormones, improve fertility, and reduce long-term health risks.
 
Let’s break down the major treatment approaches:
 
 

1. Lifestyle Modifications

 
The first and most effective step is often lifestyle change.

Even losing just 5–10% of body weight can significantly improve symptoms like irregular periods, acne, and ovulation problems. Here's how you can take control:

a. Healthy, Calorie-Controlled Diet
 

• Focus on whole foods: vegetables, fruits, lean proteins (like fish, chicken, and legumes), and whole grains.
• Reduce intake of refined carbs and sugar, as these worsen insulin resistance.
• Avoid junk food, fried items, and sugary drinks.
• Include fiber-rich foods to improve digestion and blood sugar levels.
• Minor millets (like ragi, bajra, foxtail) are excellent alternatives to rice or wheat.

A nutritionist can help you create a personalized PCOD-friendly diet plan.

b. Regular Physical Activity
 

• Combine cardio exercises (walking, jogging, swimming) with strength training (weights, resistance bands, yoga).
• Aim for at least 30–45 minutes of physical activity most days of the week.
• Exercise not only helps in weight loss but also improves insulin sensitivity and boosts mood.

c. Stress Management
 
Hormonal imbalance and stress are closely linked. High stress can worsen PCOD symptoms.
 

• Yoga and meditation are effective in calming the mind and supporting hormone health.
• Breathing exercises help lower anxiety levels.
• Consider counseling or therapy if you're feeling overwhelmed.
• Ensure adequate sleep (7–8 hours) as poor sleep impacts hormones.

2. Medical Interventions

 
When lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medical support becomes necessary.

Doctors may prescribe medicines based on your symptoms — whether it's irregular periods, difficulty getting pregnant, or high androgen levels.

a. Ovulation Induction

For women trying to conceive, medications may be used to stimulate the ovaries to release eggs.
 

• Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid) – A first-line drug for inducing ovulation.
• Letrozole – Originally a cancer drug, now widely used to help PCOD patients ovulate more effectively.
• Metformin – Commonly used in diabetes, this helps improve insulin resistance and can indirectly support ovulation.

These are usually prescribed under the supervision of a gynecologist or fertility specialist.
 
b. Hormonal Treatments
 

• Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs): Help regulate menstrual cycles, reduce acne and excess hair growth.
• Anti-androgen medications: Used to lower male hormone levels in the body.
• Progesterone therapy: Given periodically to induce regular periods and reduce risk of uterine lining thickening.

c. Surgical Option – Ovarian Drilling

In women who do not respond to medications, laparoscopic ovarian drilling may be considered.
 

• A small surgery where tiny holes are made in the ovaries using a laser or needle to reduce androgen levels and promote ovulation.
• This is usually a last resort when medicines have failed.

d. Assisted Reproductive Techniques – IVF

If all other options fail and pregnancy is still not happening, In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) may be recommended:
 

• Eggs are collected from the ovaries, fertilized with sperm in a lab, and placed back into the uterus.
• IVF offers a higher success rate for women with severe PCOD-related infertility.

Dietary Management in PCOD

Healing Through Food: What You Eat Can Change How You Feel

 
Your diet is an important component of the treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), not just a support system. Your weight, insulin levels, hormones, and general energy are all directly impacted by what you eat. Choosing the correct foods can help improve fertility, balance hormones, and lessen symptoms.
 
Let's examine what constitutes a PCOD-friendly diet:
 
 

1. Cut Down on Sugar and Refined Carbohydrates

Insulin levels can rise as a result of eating foods high in sugar and simple starches, such as white bread, white rice, sugary snacks, and soft drinks. This exacerbates symptoms like weight gain, acne, and irregular periods and makes it more difficult for your body to use insulin as it should.

 
Instead, choose:
 

• Whole grains (brown rice, oats, quinoa)
• Low glycemic index fruits (like berries, apples, and pears)
• Complex carbs (like sweet potatoes, legumes, and lentils)

2. Increase Protein Intake

 
Protein helps you feel full longer, supports muscle health, and keeps your blood sugar stable. It also helps in reducing cravings and balancing hormones.
 
Include sources like:
 

• Eggs
• Fish and lean meats (like chicken or turkey)
• Tofu, paneer, and legumes (like chickpeas and kidney beans)
• Nuts and seeds (in moderation)

3. Don’t Forget Fiber

 
Fiber slows down digestion and sugar absorption, keeping insulin levels in check. It also improves digestion and supports gut health.
 
High-fiber foods include:
 

• Leafy greens (spinach, kale, fenugreek)
• Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower)
• Whole fruits (not fruit juices)
• Whole grains and legumes

4. Embrace Traditional Grains Like Millets

 
Millets are making a healthy comeback — and for good reason. They’re rich in nutrients, low on the glycemic index, and excellent for hormone balance.
 
Add minor millets such as:
 

• Foxtail millet (Kangni)
• Kodo millet (Kodon)
• Little millet (Kutki)

These can replace rice or wheat in your meals and help regulate blood sugar levels.
 
 

5. Say No to Junk and Processed Foods

 
Chips, biscuits, packaged sweets, fried fast food, and sugary drinks are examples of highly processed snacks that are high in preservatives, unhealthy fats, and empty calories. These exacerbate PCOD by causing weight gain, inflammation, and insulin resistance.
 
 

6. Keep a Regular Eating Schedule

 
Irregular eating patterns confuse your metabolism. Skipping meals or eating late at night can disturb hormone regulation.
 
Try to:
 

• Eat meals at regular intervals
• Avoid long gaps between meals
• Eat a light, early dinner when possible
• Stay hydrated with 2–3 liters of water daily

 Note

• Include anti-inflammatory foods like turmeric, ginger, cinnamon, and green tea.
• Limit dairy if it worsens your symptoms (as some women are sensitive to it).
• Choose healthy fats — like those in olive oil, avocado, flaxseeds, and nuts.
• Avoid crash diets or extreme calorie restrictions — they can backfire and worsen hormonal imbalance.

Final Thoughts

 
PCOD primarily affects a woman's hormones, but its impact goes far beyond that. It can lead to physical issues such as weight gain, fatigue, and acne, while also disrupting fertility and triggering emotional challenges like anxiety or depression. If left untreated, these problems can interfere with daily life and affect long-term health. 

The good news is that PCOD is manageable with the right approach. Early diagnosis, regular medical check-ups, and healthy lifestyle changes can make a meaningful difference. Maintaining a healthy weight, managing stress, eating a balanced diet, and staying physically active are all essential steps. 

With the support of healthcare professionals—such as endocrinologists, dietitians, and gynecologists—a personalized treatment plan can be created to suit each individual’s needs. This multidisciplinary, team-based approach ensures that all aspects of PCOD are effectively addressed.